Kumite Strategy
Age-uke
Mar, 2006 | Category: Permalink
(This article originally appeared
in the Feb 2006 issue of ShotoMag)
One of the first techniques taught to beginners and one of the most common techniques practiced in kihon (basic repetition training) and kihon kumite (basic sparring) in most Shotokan dojo, age-uke is obviously considered important to a lot of people.
But is this "rising block" really worth all the effort? Is there more to it? Or less? We do not see this technique used often in free-sparring situations. So is it just something to teach the beginners and then ignore as we become more experienced and find other blocks that can do the job better?
I feel that age-uke can be a great training tool. But directly applied as a block, it is rarely the ideal technique.
Let's start by breaking down the term, age-uke into its two parts:
Age means "rise"
Uke means "receive"
So age-uke basically means that one is "receiving using a rising movement". I will leave to a future article the debate about what "receive" means in relation to "block". Regardless, when an attack comes in, usually toward the head, age-uke can be use to deflect the attack upward. I believe most would agree that this is the most basic use of age-uke as practiced at most Shotokan dojo worldwide.
Whatever exact terminology you use, the arm moves in an upward trajectory, with the fist beginning at or near the hip and finishing just in front of and above the forehead.
This upward movement can be used to block a jodan (upper-level) attack, such as a punch to the face. It can also be used to block a falling attack from overhead. When the attackers wrist/arm is grabbed following the block, a takedown technique can be applied. There are many uses for age-uke. Let us examine a little closer the idea of blocking itself.
I recall an instructor at a university karate club once reporting that he conducted experiments with his new students almost every time a new session began. He would have them start with their backs to him and turn around one-by-one on his command. He would then lower a "stick" (I believe it was a long piece of rigid foam) toward their head from above. The relatively inexperienced "defenders" would almost always raise their arm in reaction to this, in a position that is roughly what we call age-uke.
So age-uke is a natural reaction to an overhead technique. As it is natural, do we really need to put any effort into training it? Do we put any effort into training biting and scratching, which are also natural self-defense techniques? If we are planning to use age-uke as a defense to an overhead attack, I think a little fine-tuning is all that we would need.
As for being used to push a direct attack (such as a punch) upward, it can work and to work well does require training. But is raising the attacking limb our ultimate goal in such a situation? I would like to present two related points to consider:
1. Particularly when considering takedowns, having the attacker's body (not just his limb) higher can more easily result in an unbalanced position of the attacker, a position which can be taken advantage of when counterattacking or trying to force the attacker down by grappling and/or sweeping.
2. The defender being in a relatively low position helps to keep stability. Whether the attacker rises or not, if the defender lowers himself under the attack, this can create a strategic advantage to the defender.
If we take this concept a step further, and concentrate on relative position, by making an effort to lower the defender's position (as opposed to raising the attacker's), I think age-uke can be an important training tool.
Please consider the following training exercise:
1. Begin as in normal kihon-ippon-kumite (basic one-step sparring), with the attack side starting in a guard position (most places start in zenkutsudachi/gedan-barai) and the defense side starting standing (yoi position). See Figure 1.
2. As with normal kihon-ippon, the attacker steps forward to attack the face of the defender and the defender steps back and raising his arm (age-uke).
3. After practicing a few times in the normal fashion, slow it down and have the defender raise his arm to meet the attacking arm right in front of his face and pause, without yet stepping back (attacker's arm should not yet be fully-extended and wrist not yet rotated, stance only half-committed at this stage). See Figure 2.
4. From this position, the defender should not try to force the attack upward but keep it from coming down as the defender moves back into the stance. The defender then steps back and the arm should end in the age-uke position with the attack above the head (or, more appropriately described as "the defender is lower than the attack"). The attacker should continue stepping and punching as the defender steps back and completes the movement. See Figures 3 and 4.
5. Repeat, gradually increasing speed and intensity.
Figure 1:
Figure 2:
Figure 3:
Figure 4:
Figure 5:
Note as in Figure 5 that the attacker should be aiming into the face of the defender where it is at the initial position. The final position of the defender's age-uke should simply keep the attack where it was headed, not deflecting it upwards but also not allowing it to come downard.
Please note that we should be able to apply the same principles to other techniques, such as soto-uke and uchi-uke. But, as a training tool, I think age-uke is ideal for this. For this reason, I believe this sort of practice can be very useful for a beginner and anyone interested in developing the self-defense aspects of training. Please note as well that, as structured as kihon kumite is, starting defense from a standing (yoi) position can be considered relatively realistic for self-defense practice, as compared to starting in a "guard" position as in free-sparring. So basic sparring can actually be considered more realistic in this way.
Age-uke may not be a common technique in tournament sparring and may have limited use as a basic block applied directly as many traditional dojo teach it. But by using this type of exercise and putting some thought into it, I hope you can appreciate the value of age-uke as a training tool.
Copyright © 2006, Jon Keeling
One of the first techniques taught to beginners and one of the most common techniques practiced in kihon (basic repetition training) and kihon kumite (basic sparring) in most Shotokan dojo, age-uke is obviously considered important to a lot of people.
But is this "rising block" really worth all the effort? Is there more to it? Or less? We do not see this technique used often in free-sparring situations. So is it just something to teach the beginners and then ignore as we become more experienced and find other blocks that can do the job better?
I feel that age-uke can be a great training tool. But directly applied as a block, it is rarely the ideal technique.
Let's start by breaking down the term, age-uke into its two parts:
Age means "rise"
Uke means "receive"
So age-uke basically means that one is "receiving using a rising movement". I will leave to a future article the debate about what "receive" means in relation to "block". Regardless, when an attack comes in, usually toward the head, age-uke can be use to deflect the attack upward. I believe most would agree that this is the most basic use of age-uke as practiced at most Shotokan dojo worldwide.
Whatever exact terminology you use, the arm moves in an upward trajectory, with the fist beginning at or near the hip and finishing just in front of and above the forehead.
This upward movement can be used to block a jodan (upper-level) attack, such as a punch to the face. It can also be used to block a falling attack from overhead. When the attackers wrist/arm is grabbed following the block, a takedown technique can be applied. There are many uses for age-uke. Let us examine a little closer the idea of blocking itself.
I recall an instructor at a university karate club once reporting that he conducted experiments with his new students almost every time a new session began. He would have them start with their backs to him and turn around one-by-one on his command. He would then lower a "stick" (I believe it was a long piece of rigid foam) toward their head from above. The relatively inexperienced "defenders" would almost always raise their arm in reaction to this, in a position that is roughly what we call age-uke.
So age-uke is a natural reaction to an overhead technique. As it is natural, do we really need to put any effort into training it? Do we put any effort into training biting and scratching, which are also natural self-defense techniques? If we are planning to use age-uke as a defense to an overhead attack, I think a little fine-tuning is all that we would need.
As for being used to push a direct attack (such as a punch) upward, it can work and to work well does require training. But is raising the attacking limb our ultimate goal in such a situation? I would like to present two related points to consider:
1. Particularly when considering takedowns, having the attacker's body (not just his limb) higher can more easily result in an unbalanced position of the attacker, a position which can be taken advantage of when counterattacking or trying to force the attacker down by grappling and/or sweeping.
2. The defender being in a relatively low position helps to keep stability. Whether the attacker rises or not, if the defender lowers himself under the attack, this can create a strategic advantage to the defender.
If we take this concept a step further, and concentrate on relative position, by making an effort to lower the defender's position (as opposed to raising the attacker's), I think age-uke can be an important training tool.
Please consider the following training exercise:
1. Begin as in normal kihon-ippon-kumite (basic one-step sparring), with the attack side starting in a guard position (most places start in zenkutsudachi/gedan-barai) and the defense side starting standing (yoi position). See Figure 1.
2. As with normal kihon-ippon, the attacker steps forward to attack the face of the defender and the defender steps back and raising his arm (age-uke).
3. After practicing a few times in the normal fashion, slow it down and have the defender raise his arm to meet the attacking arm right in front of his face and pause, without yet stepping back (attacker's arm should not yet be fully-extended and wrist not yet rotated, stance only half-committed at this stage). See Figure 2.
4. From this position, the defender should not try to force the attack upward but keep it from coming down as the defender moves back into the stance. The defender then steps back and the arm should end in the age-uke position with the attack above the head (or, more appropriately described as "the defender is lower than the attack"). The attacker should continue stepping and punching as the defender steps back and completes the movement. See Figures 3 and 4.
5. Repeat, gradually increasing speed and intensity.
Figure 1:
Figure 2:
Figure 3:
Figure 4:
Figure 5:
Note as in Figure 5 that the attacker should be aiming into the face of the defender where it is at the initial position. The final position of the defender's age-uke should simply keep the attack where it was headed, not deflecting it upwards but also not allowing it to come downard.
Please note that we should be able to apply the same principles to other techniques, such as soto-uke and uchi-uke. But, as a training tool, I think age-uke is ideal for this. For this reason, I believe this sort of practice can be very useful for a beginner and anyone interested in developing the self-defense aspects of training. Please note as well that, as structured as kihon kumite is, starting defense from a standing (yoi) position can be considered relatively realistic for self-defense practice, as compared to starting in a "guard" position as in free-sparring. So basic sparring can actually be considered more realistic in this way.
Age-uke may not be a common technique in tournament sparring and may have limited use as a basic block applied directly as many traditional dojo teach it. But by using this type of exercise and putting some thought into it, I hope you can appreciate the value of age-uke as a training tool.
Copyright © 2006, Jon Keeling
Big Muscles
Jan, 2006 | Category: Permalink
Do you work out a lot? Do you look
like our California governor* in his prime, with gigantic pectorals
and biceps? Unless your body is abnormally proportioned, no matter
how much you are working out, the muscles of the arms and chest are
probably not all that big, relatively speaking.
The gluteus maximus, or buttocks, is officially the largest muscle on the average person. The thigh quadriceps are very large as well and arguably the strongest. Other muscles of the upper leg are relatively large and/or strong. With many of the largest and strongest muscles connecting to the hip area, it stands to reason that we should spend time thinking about how we should utilize them in our karate training.
Often during our karate training we are reminded to "use our hips". It is fairly obvious that "hip rotation" can make many techniques stronger. And pushing the hips into a technique can also help.
So the hip region's importance in karate training is undeniable in terms of making techniques strong (or stronger). In addition to the pushing and turning of the hips that are primarily a result of the actions of the leg muscles, the use of the hip region to aid posture is also important.
Most karate students have heard their instructors remind them to keep the back straight, fix their posture, and sometimes to do the "pelvic tuck". To some, good posture is naturally achieved. For others, it takes a bit of effort. Some people realize the benefits of trying to straighten the spine. Some just do it (or try). And some question it.
Some instructors probably do not fully understand the "pelvic tuck" (the forceful forward push of the tailbone) and those who do may not be explaining it well. Probably more important than what to do is why we do it.
"Over-tucking" can definitely be counter-productive. So can accentuating the natural curvature of the lower spine. In my opinion, the emphasis should not be to actually straighten the spine near the tailbone, and certainly not to "push the stomach" (and thus accentuate the curvature of the spine) but rather to contract the muscles of the pelvic region to solidify the structure of this crucial section of the body.
To make strong technique, we should concentrate the most effort on the biggest, strongest muscles. While the gluts are not so strong in relative terms, they are big. And the thighs connected to them and are both big and strong. So we should be trying to utilize this entire area when we can. Sometimes this means for turning and pushing. Sometimes this means to keep the torso straight.
As an exercise, stand in a stance and feel the tension in your thighs and buttocks. Feel it internally, by thinking about it, as well as externally, by placing your hands on these muscles. Step, shift, punch, kick…Notice how the tension level differs. Are you using the muscles of your hip region? Try to concentrate on tensing and see if you feel an improvement in your posture and techniques. The ultimate goal here is not simply to "tuck your hips" or to "tighten the muscles" just "because Sensei says to". The goals should be to make better techniques and to improve our posture and muscle tone in general.
For reference: http://www.answerbag.com/c_view.php/2182
*The current California State Governor is Arnold Schwarzenegger
Copyright © 2006, Jon Keeling
The gluteus maximus, or buttocks, is officially the largest muscle on the average person. The thigh quadriceps are very large as well and arguably the strongest. Other muscles of the upper leg are relatively large and/or strong. With many of the largest and strongest muscles connecting to the hip area, it stands to reason that we should spend time thinking about how we should utilize them in our karate training.
Often during our karate training we are reminded to "use our hips". It is fairly obvious that "hip rotation" can make many techniques stronger. And pushing the hips into a technique can also help.
So the hip region's importance in karate training is undeniable in terms of making techniques strong (or stronger). In addition to the pushing and turning of the hips that are primarily a result of the actions of the leg muscles, the use of the hip region to aid posture is also important.
Most karate students have heard their instructors remind them to keep the back straight, fix their posture, and sometimes to do the "pelvic tuck". To some, good posture is naturally achieved. For others, it takes a bit of effort. Some people realize the benefits of trying to straighten the spine. Some just do it (or try). And some question it.
Some instructors probably do not fully understand the "pelvic tuck" (the forceful forward push of the tailbone) and those who do may not be explaining it well. Probably more important than what to do is why we do it.
"Over-tucking" can definitely be counter-productive. So can accentuating the natural curvature of the lower spine. In my opinion, the emphasis should not be to actually straighten the spine near the tailbone, and certainly not to "push the stomach" (and thus accentuate the curvature of the spine) but rather to contract the muscles of the pelvic region to solidify the structure of this crucial section of the body.
To make strong technique, we should concentrate the most effort on the biggest, strongest muscles. While the gluts are not so strong in relative terms, they are big. And the thighs connected to them and are both big and strong. So we should be trying to utilize this entire area when we can. Sometimes this means for turning and pushing. Sometimes this means to keep the torso straight.
As an exercise, stand in a stance and feel the tension in your thighs and buttocks. Feel it internally, by thinking about it, as well as externally, by placing your hands on these muscles. Step, shift, punch, kick…Notice how the tension level differs. Are you using the muscles of your hip region? Try to concentrate on tensing and see if you feel an improvement in your posture and techniques. The ultimate goal here is not simply to "tuck your hips" or to "tighten the muscles" just "because Sensei says to". The goals should be to make better techniques and to improve our posture and muscle tone in general.
For reference: http://www.answerbag.com/c_view.php/2182
*The current California State Governor is Arnold Schwarzenegger
Copyright © 2006, Jon Keeling
ESP
Dec, 2005 | Category: Permalink
We have probably all seen it before.
Some of us have experienced it first-hand. The old instructor spars
with the much more athletic young tournament champion. The old
instructor seems to be able to read the mind of the young athlete.
The younger guy seems to be able to get in a few shots but for the
most part everything is blocked or avoided and the older guy gets
at least as many "points" in, despite his age and condition.
How does this happen? ESP (extra-sensory perception)? Through so many years of practice in "moving meditation," has the old instructor learned to read minds?
What may appear to be mind-reading is more likely "body-reading" and educated guesses.
Through experience at watching and feeling how the body moves, paying particular attention to technical flaws such as extraneous movement leading up to an attack, the older instructor can often "sense" something as it is just getting started. It is not that he is seeing things before they happen. It is that he sees things much earlier than others might, while the situation is unfolding. Because the onlooker (or opponent) may not have seen any real indication of the attack having yet taken place, it may appear that this is "mind-reading".
Furthermore, through so many years of training, the older instructor probably has a good idea of what is likely to follow when he sees events unfolding. For example, after someone attacks with 2 kicks, is it very likely that the next attack would be a punch as opposed to another kick? Is this the type of opponent who is looking for a chance to counterattack or pushing in aggressively? Through experience, he develops the ability to make better decisions based on these experiences. The tournament champion also has likely developed this ability to some extent, but within the rules of competition; the older instructor may have more of an ability to "think outside the box."
As for the attacks being relatively successful, the experienced instructor may have also developed an ability to psychologically affect his opponent. For example, he may give his younger opponent the impression that the older man is on the defensive, lulling him into a false sense of security, only to be met with a barrage of attacks from the senior.
Of course this “mind reading” often falls apart when two experienced people are matched up. Neither one shows much extraneous movement. Both can read each other and the other can see that the other can read him. As a result, many techniques barely start and then are quickly retracted. And since they are both good at making educated guesses, they tend to use more feinting as a way to trick the other into making an incorrect assumption.
Would you like to develop this skill? Here are a few things you can watch for that might help you:
- When the shoulder lifts, this is often an indication that a punch from that arm will soon follow.
- Slight shifting back or angling outward of the front foot often precedes a step forward.
- Overall rising up of the body sometimes precedes a kick.
- Someone who likes to counterattack usually likes to do so with the back arm or leg.
- If someone turns around for a back kick, the move following is often not an attack and if it is, it is rarely another kick.
- The eyes sometimes give away an attack; the opponent may look at the intended target (for example, at the midsection) as he attacks, or he may squint just prior to attacking.
- Attacks are rarely delivered on an in-breath.
Of course what helps with this the most is quite simple: experience. Get to the dojo often and try to train with various people to get more experience with a range of possibilities. Of course I knew that you knew this already… After all, I have ESP!
And just for “kicks”, try this: http://trunks.secondfoundation.org/files/psychic.swf
Copyright © 2005, Jon Keeling
How does this happen? ESP (extra-sensory perception)? Through so many years of practice in "moving meditation," has the old instructor learned to read minds?
What may appear to be mind-reading is more likely "body-reading" and educated guesses.
Through experience at watching and feeling how the body moves, paying particular attention to technical flaws such as extraneous movement leading up to an attack, the older instructor can often "sense" something as it is just getting started. It is not that he is seeing things before they happen. It is that he sees things much earlier than others might, while the situation is unfolding. Because the onlooker (or opponent) may not have seen any real indication of the attack having yet taken place, it may appear that this is "mind-reading".
Furthermore, through so many years of training, the older instructor probably has a good idea of what is likely to follow when he sees events unfolding. For example, after someone attacks with 2 kicks, is it very likely that the next attack would be a punch as opposed to another kick? Is this the type of opponent who is looking for a chance to counterattack or pushing in aggressively? Through experience, he develops the ability to make better decisions based on these experiences. The tournament champion also has likely developed this ability to some extent, but within the rules of competition; the older instructor may have more of an ability to "think outside the box."
As for the attacks being relatively successful, the experienced instructor may have also developed an ability to psychologically affect his opponent. For example, he may give his younger opponent the impression that the older man is on the defensive, lulling him into a false sense of security, only to be met with a barrage of attacks from the senior.
Of course this “mind reading” often falls apart when two experienced people are matched up. Neither one shows much extraneous movement. Both can read each other and the other can see that the other can read him. As a result, many techniques barely start and then are quickly retracted. And since they are both good at making educated guesses, they tend to use more feinting as a way to trick the other into making an incorrect assumption.
Would you like to develop this skill? Here are a few things you can watch for that might help you:
- When the shoulder lifts, this is often an indication that a punch from that arm will soon follow.
- Slight shifting back or angling outward of the front foot often precedes a step forward.
- Overall rising up of the body sometimes precedes a kick.
- Someone who likes to counterattack usually likes to do so with the back arm or leg.
- If someone turns around for a back kick, the move following is often not an attack and if it is, it is rarely another kick.
- The eyes sometimes give away an attack; the opponent may look at the intended target (for example, at the midsection) as he attacks, or he may squint just prior to attacking.
- Attacks are rarely delivered on an in-breath.
Of course what helps with this the most is quite simple: experience. Get to the dojo often and try to train with various people to get more experience with a range of possibilities. Of course I knew that you knew this already… After all, I have ESP!
And just for “kicks”, try this: http://trunks.secondfoundation.org/files/psychic.swf
Copyright © 2005, Jon Keeling
Cheetahs and Gazelles
Oct, 2005 | Category: Permalink
The cheetah is known as the fastest animal on land, able to sprint at 96 kph / 60 mph. The gazelle is a common target for the cheetah. Gazelles have horns that are of limited defensive use against a cheetah attacking from the rear or side. The gazelle is agile but not nearly as fast as the cheetah. So how is it that gazelles can often avoid becoming dinner for the hungry cheetah?
The cheetah will sprint quickly toward its prey. If the gazelle is not paying attention, this could mean disaster. But if the gazelle moves sharply off the line of attack at the last moment, the cheetah very often overshoots his target and continues charging a considerable distance. Stopping, turning around and trying it again, the cheetah usually gives up in exhaustion after a few attempts.
In training in “traditional” Shotokan dojo, as well as other Japanese-based styles, most people put more time into the fast, direct movements. Many of the Okinawan stylists, as well as those of some other martial arts, spend significant time on the finesse and agility involved in getting off the line to avoid direct attacks. Aikido is a clear and obvious example, where this is basically their primary focus of training.
Here is an example of how you can practice both a fast, direct attack (the cheetah) and an agile escape (the gazelle):
1. First, do some repetition of quick, large, lunging forward attacks. I suggest practicing extra-large stances and letting the back foot slide.
2. Then do some shifting exercises. Concentrate on getting off the line of attack quickly.
3. Kumite: Person A begins in front stance or free-sparring position. Person B is standing or nearly standing.
4. Person A (the cheetah), with minimal windup or extraneous movement, steps in quickly and punches, trying to catch Person B (the gazelle) off-guard. I would suggest starting with just chudan (abdomen) attacks to keep things safe. In the first version, to concentrate on the complete conviction and large movement forward of the attacker, Person A should try to go through the target, not just to it. Person A should aim to go a full step past Person B’s initial position. Person B should step back as far back as possible, of course very quickly, to avoid being run over.
5. In the next version, Person B shifts out of the way, just parrying if needed (not a full block; no block/parry if it is not needed). Person B should work on moving sharply and only at the last moment. The end result should look a lot like a swift cheetah trying to catch an agile gazelle. Ideally, the cheetah will sometimes "catch" the gazelle and the gazelle will sometimes avoid the cheetah's charge.
So is it better to be the cheetah or the gazelle? What you choose to specialize in may depend partly on what your body is capable of and also what type of person (character) you are. In my opinion, it is good to develop both the ability to charge in quickly and directly, as well as to be able to use agility to avoid an attack. There are times to act like a cheetah and times to act like a gazelle. They must both be doing something right if they are surviving in the wild, right?
Copyright © 2005, Jon Keeling
"Look and Feel" in Karate Training -
Part 3
Sep, 2005 | Category: Permalink
Kumite (Sparring)
In the previous two articles of July 2005 and August 2005, I presented different ways of exploring "look and feel" when working on kihon (basics) and kata (forms). In this article, the last of a 3-part series, I will address the subject of kumite.
As with kihon and kata, kumite training should involve awareness of form. But function is particularly important when dealing with the less structured versions of sparring practice. As with kihon and kata, watching and feeling your performance during kumite is important. But watching your opponent is at least as important, and at times of utmost importance. Not watching your opponent can mean disaster if he is intent on scoring a point or, even worse, causing you harm. We should be watching technique, distance, timing and more.
Watching your partner in kumite is important. This is not a revolutionary concept. But "feeling" your opponent is something that is often overlooked and can be approached in numerous ways. It is not simply that we are making contact, but how we are making contact.
I will not go into how you might "feel" when getting hit, or hitting someone. In general, it does not feel good to get hit. Hopefully you are not making a habit of either hitting or being hit. Let's now move on to other points about making contact...
In basic kumite, you may be touching wrist-to-wrist/-ankle when blocking. Feeling the connection to your partner in this way can help you refine distance and timing and check the accuracy of your technique (and theirs). In some types of sparring, one person may grab another. During such a situation, feeling where contact is being made is very important, as is how contact is being made. Looking by itself may not suffice if someone tries to grab you from the back, for example.
Remember that the literal definition of kumite implies that two or more people are working together, learning from the interaction. We learn by using all our available and applicable senses (taste and smell do not help much, but the sense of hearing, for example, can help). For more on the 5+ senses, see the article on the subject. In particular, the senses of touch, proprioception and balance are all involved in and enhanced by contact with the kumite partner.
Here is an exercise worth trying to help test and develop the above senses through contact:
• Person A and Person B face each other (could be standing or in sparring stance)
• Person A situates closed hands just in front of the stomach area in a low guard position.
• Person B places her open hands lightly on the hands of Person A and closes her eyes.
• Person A slowly executes punches and strikes while Person B deflects these attacks, keeping contact with both hands/wrists at all times.
• Gradually increase speed.
• Switch attack/defense roles.
"Look and feel" in kumite practice involves more than simply how "cool" it seems. We are not doing just "virtual karate" (at least I hope not).
"Look and feel" in all parts of karate is worth exploring. Watch yourself. Watch others. Feel the techniques and movements. Feel good about your training.
Copyright © 2005, Jon Keeling
Blocking Timing
Mar, 2005 | Category: Permalink
The study of timing is a very
important part of karate practice. In kata, we have
learned that some movements are better done slowly, some executed
in quick succession, some movements begin fast but finish slow.
In kumite, we have studied how to time the counter
following an attack (for more on this, please see article on Kumite
Timing).
In this article, I would like specifically to address the timing of the blocking/parrying action in kumite practice. Please note that in this article wherever I use the term "block" I mean to imply block, parry or simply keeping the attack from following the defender as he moves out of the line of attack.
I often remind my students that their priorities during training should be technique, then speed, then power. In other words, do not add too much tension ("locking in" the form more quickly using "muscle memory") until they can be performed correctly at speed; and do not speed up until the technique(s) can be done correctly at a slow pace. This priority ranking of (1)technique (2)speed (3)power is superseded, however, by the idea of "don't get hit". So, ultimately, our highest concern is our safety. So as we practice variations on blocking timing, we want to keep this in mind.
When we first began training, we usually just tried to make sure the attack to not reach its mark. As we progressed, most of us were advised to try to wait until the last moment to block. This type of training certainly has its value. However, I suspect that most people simply start their blocking action as soon as they see the attack coming. This is also valuable training. But, as usual, I advocate using a variety of methods during training to explore relative benefits.
Let's compare a few ways of timing the blocking action, using a chudan oizuki (step-in punch to the midsection) as an example attack.
The basic block
As soon as the defender senses the movement of the attacker (that is to say the movement toward the defender), the block is initiated. The block and attack finish approximately simultaneously. In this version, because the defender is spending more time on the block, it can use a large movement, employing proper basics.
The late block
The defender waits as long as possible before initiating the blocking movement (and perhaps the retreat as well). The block and attack finish approximately simultaneously. In this case, the blocking movement must be performed very quickly. Because the defender may feel "rushed", he may not have the time to make a full, basic blocking movement.
The early block
As soon as the defender senses the movement of the attacker, the defender initiates movement of the blocking arm forward, meeting the attack partway. As the attack continues, the defender guides the attack out of the way or makes sure it remains on its original course as the defender shifts out of harm's way. In this case, the initial action must be very quick but once contact is made with the attacking limb, speed and power is not as necessary as with the other blocking timings. This block looks a bit different than the basic blocking that we typically practice.
For video example of above, please click here.
Remember that it is good to experiment. But it should be done carefully, to maintain safety.
Copyright © 2005, Jon Keeling
In this article, I would like specifically to address the timing of the blocking/parrying action in kumite practice. Please note that in this article wherever I use the term "block" I mean to imply block, parry or simply keeping the attack from following the defender as he moves out of the line of attack.
I often remind my students that their priorities during training should be technique, then speed, then power. In other words, do not add too much tension ("locking in" the form more quickly using "muscle memory") until they can be performed correctly at speed; and do not speed up until the technique(s) can be done correctly at a slow pace. This priority ranking of (1)technique (2)speed (3)power is superseded, however, by the idea of "don't get hit". So, ultimately, our highest concern is our safety. So as we practice variations on blocking timing, we want to keep this in mind.
When we first began training, we usually just tried to make sure the attack to not reach its mark. As we progressed, most of us were advised to try to wait until the last moment to block. This type of training certainly has its value. However, I suspect that most people simply start their blocking action as soon as they see the attack coming. This is also valuable training. But, as usual, I advocate using a variety of methods during training to explore relative benefits.
Let's compare a few ways of timing the blocking action, using a chudan oizuki (step-in punch to the midsection) as an example attack.
The basic block
As soon as the defender senses the movement of the attacker (that is to say the movement toward the defender), the block is initiated. The block and attack finish approximately simultaneously. In this version, because the defender is spending more time on the block, it can use a large movement, employing proper basics.
The late block
The defender waits as long as possible before initiating the blocking movement (and perhaps the retreat as well). The block and attack finish approximately simultaneously. In this case, the blocking movement must be performed very quickly. Because the defender may feel "rushed", he may not have the time to make a full, basic blocking movement.
The early block
As soon as the defender senses the movement of the attacker, the defender initiates movement of the blocking arm forward, meeting the attack partway. As the attack continues, the defender guides the attack out of the way or makes sure it remains on its original course as the defender shifts out of harm's way. In this case, the initial action must be very quick but once contact is made with the attacking limb, speed and power is not as necessary as with the other blocking timings. This block looks a bit different than the basic blocking that we typically practice.
For video example of above, please click here.
Remember that it is good to experiment. But it should be done carefully, to maintain safety.
Copyright © 2005, Jon Keeling
Contingency Plans
Oct, 2003 | Category: Permalink
It is important to have commitment in
the techniques and strategies we practice while training. But
there are cases that over-committing may be
detrimental to the effectiveness of a technique, combination or
strategy. We should be prepared to enact contingency plans
when warranted.
Although we may practice some types of contingency plans occasionally in our training, I believe that most people would probably benefit from thinking about it a little more. At least a few times within my articles (and often in my classes) I have emphasized the links between kihon (basics), kata (forms) and kumite (sparring), as well as to self-defense application. The idea of contingency planning also relates to all these forms of training. But I suspect that this link is not very clearly explained by many instructors nor thoroughly understood by even some advanced Shotokan practitioners. (I think this may be one area that some other styles of karate and other martial arts, for that matter, may in a way be superior to Shotokan as taught at most dojo).
There are many examples of such contingency plans found within kata, for example. Why follow up a kick with a punch –or even two or three –as sometimes occurs in kata? If we kick the attacker, shouldn’t that be enough to do the job? Certainly if we are in fairly good shape we can at least finish the job with one punch after the kick, right? Perhaps these punches are simply training exercises. But they can also be thought of as “what-ifs”, for in case the previous technique(s) doesn’t/don’t do what was intended.
I think it is worth recalling here a quote from the famous karate instructor Itosu Anko: “In karate training one must determine whether the interpretation of a movement is suitable for defense or for cultivating the body.” Some techniques may be performed in relatively impractical combinations that are not meant to be applied directly as-is in a self-defense situation. We should be able to mix-and-match techniques in numerous variations to best prepare for potentially unlimited scenarios.
During kihon training, we typically focus on a single technique at a time, or a combination that is predetermined. But this does not mean that we should completely forsake the idea of things not going to plan. Even a “sure thing” sometimes does not work out as planned (I can give you some analogies in my investment experience, but that may be too painful for me ). When practicing a punch, for example, we should be thinking about a) what might happen if it becomes impractical to follow through with the punch partway into the technique and b) what should be done after if the technique is not successful.
As an example of how one can examine contingency planning in action, consider a basic maegeri-oizuki (front kick, step-in punch) combination. What if the opponent moves back further than expected after the kick and the distance turns out to no longer be ideal for a basic oizuki? The attacker can add a shift during the punch, or use an additional step, or change to a longer-range attack to follow the kick. If the opponent moves to the side or does not move back as much as anticipated during/following the kick, other changes can be made, including changing the technique to a new one, abbreviating the technique, adding a technique or retreating without completing the punch. There are many possible changes that can be made to the original plan if needed. With the vast library of techniques, movements and strategies we have to choose from, the options are practically unlimited.
While I do not think that we need to spend time on this in every training session, particularly when the standard way works out fine, I do think it is worth thinking about from time to time. Total commitment to a single technique certainly has its merits. But if one is totally committed to something that does not work out, the outcome could be devastating.
Copyright © 2003, Jon Keeling
Although we may practice some types of contingency plans occasionally in our training, I believe that most people would probably benefit from thinking about it a little more. At least a few times within my articles (and often in my classes) I have emphasized the links between kihon (basics), kata (forms) and kumite (sparring), as well as to self-defense application. The idea of contingency planning also relates to all these forms of training. But I suspect that this link is not very clearly explained by many instructors nor thoroughly understood by even some advanced Shotokan practitioners. (I think this may be one area that some other styles of karate and other martial arts, for that matter, may in a way be superior to Shotokan as taught at most dojo).
There are many examples of such contingency plans found within kata, for example. Why follow up a kick with a punch –or even two or three –as sometimes occurs in kata? If we kick the attacker, shouldn’t that be enough to do the job? Certainly if we are in fairly good shape we can at least finish the job with one punch after the kick, right? Perhaps these punches are simply training exercises. But they can also be thought of as “what-ifs”, for in case the previous technique(s) doesn’t/don’t do what was intended.
I think it is worth recalling here a quote from the famous karate instructor Itosu Anko: “In karate training one must determine whether the interpretation of a movement is suitable for defense or for cultivating the body.” Some techniques may be performed in relatively impractical combinations that are not meant to be applied directly as-is in a self-defense situation. We should be able to mix-and-match techniques in numerous variations to best prepare for potentially unlimited scenarios.
During kihon training, we typically focus on a single technique at a time, or a combination that is predetermined. But this does not mean that we should completely forsake the idea of things not going to plan. Even a “sure thing” sometimes does not work out as planned (I can give you some analogies in my investment experience, but that may be too painful for me ). When practicing a punch, for example, we should be thinking about a) what might happen if it becomes impractical to follow through with the punch partway into the technique and b) what should be done after if the technique is not successful.
As an example of how one can examine contingency planning in action, consider a basic maegeri-oizuki (front kick, step-in punch) combination. What if the opponent moves back further than expected after the kick and the distance turns out to no longer be ideal for a basic oizuki? The attacker can add a shift during the punch, or use an additional step, or change to a longer-range attack to follow the kick. If the opponent moves to the side or does not move back as much as anticipated during/following the kick, other changes can be made, including changing the technique to a new one, abbreviating the technique, adding a technique or retreating without completing the punch. There are many possible changes that can be made to the original plan if needed. With the vast library of techniques, movements and strategies we have to choose from, the options are practically unlimited.
While I do not think that we need to spend time on this in every training session, particularly when the standard way works out fine, I do think it is worth thinking about from time to time. Total commitment to a single technique certainly has its merits. But if one is totally committed to something that does not work out, the outcome could be devastating.
Copyright © 2003, Jon Keeling
Kumite Timing
Jun, 2002 | Category: Permalink
Many karateka are familiar
with various Japanese terms meant to describe kumite timing.
For many people studying karate in the West, these terms
were first stumbled upon in texts, showing photographic examples of
the different types of timing commonly employed in
kumite. Some Western instructors use these terms on
a regular basis in class. A few Japanese instructors, mostly
in the West, do as well. It is probably worth noting,
however, that in my eight years living and training in Japan, I do
not recall a single time hearing a Japanese instructor use terms
such as go-no-sen and sen-no-sen. Other
terms, such as de-ai were used frequently. But,
contrary to what seems to be popular belief, much of the
terminology included in these texts is not in frequent use in
Japan.
Here is a brief review of the more commonly used terminology relating to kumite timing:
Go-no-sen
As with the other –sen terms, this implies a type of timing. Sen actually means “method.” Go-no-sen is “after method,” meaning that the technique is applied after the opponent has committed to a technique. An example of this is when the opponent steps in with an attack and the defender blocks and counterattacks.
Sen-no-sen
Sen-no-sen is “before method,” and implies that the technique is applied before the opponent’s technique. For example, one may notice a chance to attack the opponent and do so before the opponent has a chance to complete his attack.
De-ai
De is the root of the verb deru, which means “to enter” (actually, it is literally “to exit,” but the linguistics become confusing if we go into this in any more detail). Ai means “to meet” or “to come together.” This is the same ai as in Aikido (“Way of Joining Ki&rdquo
and kiai
(“meeting” [concentrated] energy&rdquo. Therefore, de-ai
refers to the act of meeting the opponent’s technique as it
is executed, launching the counterattack intended to reach the
opponent before the opponent's attack lands. This is
basically a form of sen-no-sen, but specifically referring to a
counterattack launched after the opponent has already committed to
an attack of his own, but reaching the target before the opponent
does.
Other terms, such as sen-sen-no-sen and tai-no-sen are also sometimes heard. These are basically variations of the above.
While I have no objection to using Japanese terminology, I find that many people outside of Japan use these terms more than is practical. I am fluent in Japanese. As my students are not, however, if I use Japanese terminology I will almost always follow the terms with English explanations. Since there are many ways to further break down explanations of timing than using just the above terms, I would prefer to explain more thoroughly, instead of relying on broad terms such as those listed above.
Here is a review of several levels of timing:
• Blocking and/or evading, without a counterattack
• Blocking completely, then using counterattack
• Initiating counterattack before original attack is completed
• Blocking and counterattacking simultaneously, timed to match original attack
• Blocking (if needed) and counterattacking such that counterattack finishes before original attack
• Feinting to draw (counter)attack from opponent, then launching actual attack after avoiding or blocking
• Feinting to create opening, then attacking
• Attacking directly
As you can see, there are many methods of timing that can be used in kumite. There are even a few that I did not mention above, such as those involving dealing with grappling/grabbing attempts by the attacker. So, my main question is: Why do some people restrict their training by limiting their kumite timing drills to those of the main textbook examples of go-no-sen and sen-no-sen, when there are so many possible alternatives?
At the most basic level, we must work at the extremes (first two examples on the list above and last one) before attempting to explore the intricacies of the other possibilities. At nidan (second dan) and above, however, I would expect karateka to be exploring all of the above types of timing in their kumite practice, at least in non-basic kumite. (Not when practicing basics with beginners, who may be confused by the timing variations.) While knowing the terminology may help, practice and thinking about how to practice are what really help us understand the fine lines between different types of kumite timing.
Copyright © 2002, Jon Keeling
Here is a brief review of the more commonly used terminology relating to kumite timing:
Go-no-sen
As with the other –sen terms, this implies a type of timing. Sen actually means “method.” Go-no-sen is “after method,” meaning that the technique is applied after the opponent has committed to a technique. An example of this is when the opponent steps in with an attack and the defender blocks and counterattacks.
Sen-no-sen
Sen-no-sen is “before method,” and implies that the technique is applied before the opponent’s technique. For example, one may notice a chance to attack the opponent and do so before the opponent has a chance to complete his attack.
De-ai
De is the root of the verb deru, which means “to enter” (actually, it is literally “to exit,” but the linguistics become confusing if we go into this in any more detail). Ai means “to meet” or “to come together.” This is the same ai as in Aikido (“Way of Joining Ki&rdquo
and kiai
(“meeting” [concentrated] energy&rdquo. Therefore, de-ai
refers to the act of meeting the opponent’s technique as it
is executed, launching the counterattack intended to reach the
opponent before the opponent's attack lands. This is
basically a form of sen-no-sen, but specifically referring to a
counterattack launched after the opponent has already committed to
an attack of his own, but reaching the target before the opponent
does. Other terms, such as sen-sen-no-sen and tai-no-sen are also sometimes heard. These are basically variations of the above.
While I have no objection to using Japanese terminology, I find that many people outside of Japan use these terms more than is practical. I am fluent in Japanese. As my students are not, however, if I use Japanese terminology I will almost always follow the terms with English explanations. Since there are many ways to further break down explanations of timing than using just the above terms, I would prefer to explain more thoroughly, instead of relying on broad terms such as those listed above.
Here is a review of several levels of timing:
• Blocking and/or evading, without a counterattack
• Blocking completely, then using counterattack
• Initiating counterattack before original attack is completed
• Blocking and counterattacking simultaneously, timed to match original attack
• Blocking (if needed) and counterattacking such that counterattack finishes before original attack
• Feinting to draw (counter)attack from opponent, then launching actual attack after avoiding or blocking
• Feinting to create opening, then attacking
• Attacking directly
As you can see, there are many methods of timing that can be used in kumite. There are even a few that I did not mention above, such as those involving dealing with grappling/grabbing attempts by the attacker. So, my main question is: Why do some people restrict their training by limiting their kumite timing drills to those of the main textbook examples of go-no-sen and sen-no-sen, when there are so many possible alternatives?
At the most basic level, we must work at the extremes (first two examples on the list above and last one) before attempting to explore the intricacies of the other possibilities. At nidan (second dan) and above, however, I would expect karateka to be exploring all of the above types of timing in their kumite practice, at least in non-basic kumite. (Not when practicing basics with beginners, who may be confused by the timing variations.) While knowing the terminology may help, practice and thinking about how to practice are what really help us understand the fine lines between different types of kumite timing.
Copyright © 2002, Jon Keeling
Kumite (Sparring)
Training
Apr, 2000 | Category: Permalink
Kumite
(Sparring) Training
Kumite means, literally, "group hand." The te is the same as that of Karate ("empty hand"), thus essentially an abbreviation for it. The kumi means "group" or "pair," as in "practicing Karate in groups/pairs." Kumite is usually translated as "sparring." It can actually involve much more than simply trying out punches and kicks with someone else, though, to which sparring is often thought to be limited.
There are many types of kumite. Some may involve basic techniques, some free techniques. Some may not involve actual techniques at all. The idea is to train with another person or people, not just imagining opponents, as with kihon (basics) and kata (forms). Below are some examples of kumite variations typically practiced in Karate dojo and what I consider to be important training points of each. If you are not familiar with one or more of these types of kumite, please consult your instructor.
Kihon-sanbon (or -gohon, etc.) kumite - Three-step (or five step, etc.) basic sparring
This is usually the first type of sparring introduced to beginners. The main idea is to repeat movements, to get students used to basic technique. I believe that not enough time is spent doing this type of sparring for most beginners. However, I believe the techniques practiced should sometimes be expanded to include various other basic techniques, as found in the first few kata (traditionally, only punches are practiced as attacks in this type of sparring). Often, students are encouraged to change timing during execution of this type of sparring. While there is nothing wrong with this, "tricking" the opponent should not be the aim. This is basic sparring, thus the primary emphasis should be on proper form.
Kihon-ippon kumite - One-step basic sparring
This is almost the same as the above multiple-step basic sparring, but involves only one step forward by the attacker. Often, the attacks are changed to include a few basic kicks and sometimes the defender is allowed to move off to the side, not only directly back. With all basic sparring, the attacker announces the attack, but the defender is allowed to change the block and counter, as long as it is done in basic form. Again, I believe that more time should be spent on this type of sparring, particularly the numerous possible variations. Again, emphasis should be placed on proper form, above all else.
Jiyuu-ippon kumite - Semi-free sparring (lit. free one-step)
Semi-free sparring usually involves the same techniques as in basic one-step, but the attacker and defender are allowed to move around in free-sparring stance until the moment of attack/defense. The completion of the attack and the counter should be in the full basic form. The block is sometimes abbreviated or left out entirely if a large, powerful (basic) block is not necessary. For those under black belt (and for many black belt holders as well), primary emphasis during this type of sparring should also be on proper form. There are actually many possible steps to take between basic one-step and free one-step. For more on this, please see my 12/98 article. For more on the free-sparring stance position, please see my 1/98 article.
Jiyuu kumite - Free sparring
Is "free sparring" really "free?" The attacker does not call out the intended target or type of attack and, in most cases, both people are allowed to attack at any time. But, as grabbing and certain attacks are not usually allowed, it is not really completely free in the sense of "anything goes." There are many variations of jiyuu-kumite, ranging from two people chasing each other back and forth across the dojo floor, to one person being attacked by a group of mock adversaries. Techniques can be limited (e.g., only kicks). Speed can be altered. Time or space could be restricted. A specific timing may be trained. Various levels of contact could be used. Beginners are usually not allowed to practice free sparring, unless it is done very slowly and under the watchful eye of the instructor.
Non-sparring kumite
There are various other types of kumite drills. For example, in sets of two, one person can initiate a movement to one side or the other, or front or back. The other person must then follow, as a mirror-image. For more advanced practice, add arm/leg techniques and speed up. There is no contact in this example, yet it is still, officially, kumite. Other examples of kumite could involve timing drills, distance drills or practice of kata application, for example.
Additional points to ponder
I noted at several places above that proper form should usually be the primary focus during sparring. There are, however, other points to consider. Speed, power and timing are obviously important, the relativity of each dependent on the focus of the class at the time and what the individual practitioners are attempting to accomplish. Other points are often much more subtle and may actually be more of a primary focus at a higher level of training. For example, a more advanced practitioner may be ready for anything during the entire time while practicing kihon-ippon kumite. Psychological and awareness training may be considered after having reached a high competence level in terms of physical form.
In closing
When practicing kumite, try to keep in mind what the aim of the practice is. It is not always just to "try to get the other guy." Kumite is yet another learning tool. Furthermore, I would recommend that, just as with kata and kihon, once "advanced" sparring methods are studied, the practice of more basic sparring should not be discarded. Rather, these new methods should be added, as opposed to substituted. I would go so far as to say "a Karate practitioner who says he has nothing to gain from practicing basic sparring (or basic kata) does not understand basic sparring (or basic kata)."
Copyright © 2000, Jon Keeling
Kumite means, literally, "group hand." The te is the same as that of Karate ("empty hand"), thus essentially an abbreviation for it. The kumi means "group" or "pair," as in "practicing Karate in groups/pairs." Kumite is usually translated as "sparring." It can actually involve much more than simply trying out punches and kicks with someone else, though, to which sparring is often thought to be limited.
There are many types of kumite. Some may involve basic techniques, some free techniques. Some may not involve actual techniques at all. The idea is to train with another person or people, not just imagining opponents, as with kihon (basics) and kata (forms). Below are some examples of kumite variations typically practiced in Karate dojo and what I consider to be important training points of each. If you are not familiar with one or more of these types of kumite, please consult your instructor.
Kihon-sanbon (or -gohon, etc.) kumite - Three-step (or five step, etc.) basic sparring
This is usually the first type of sparring introduced to beginners. The main idea is to repeat movements, to get students used to basic technique. I believe that not enough time is spent doing this type of sparring for most beginners. However, I believe the techniques practiced should sometimes be expanded to include various other basic techniques, as found in the first few kata (traditionally, only punches are practiced as attacks in this type of sparring). Often, students are encouraged to change timing during execution of this type of sparring. While there is nothing wrong with this, "tricking" the opponent should not be the aim. This is basic sparring, thus the primary emphasis should be on proper form.
Kihon-ippon kumite - One-step basic sparring
This is almost the same as the above multiple-step basic sparring, but involves only one step forward by the attacker. Often, the attacks are changed to include a few basic kicks and sometimes the defender is allowed to move off to the side, not only directly back. With all basic sparring, the attacker announces the attack, but the defender is allowed to change the block and counter, as long as it is done in basic form. Again, I believe that more time should be spent on this type of sparring, particularly the numerous possible variations. Again, emphasis should be placed on proper form, above all else.
Jiyuu-ippon kumite - Semi-free sparring (lit. free one-step)
Semi-free sparring usually involves the same techniques as in basic one-step, but the attacker and defender are allowed to move around in free-sparring stance until the moment of attack/defense. The completion of the attack and the counter should be in the full basic form. The block is sometimes abbreviated or left out entirely if a large, powerful (basic) block is not necessary. For those under black belt (and for many black belt holders as well), primary emphasis during this type of sparring should also be on proper form. There are actually many possible steps to take between basic one-step and free one-step. For more on this, please see my 12/98 article. For more on the free-sparring stance position, please see my 1/98 article.
Jiyuu kumite - Free sparring
Is "free sparring" really "free?" The attacker does not call out the intended target or type of attack and, in most cases, both people are allowed to attack at any time. But, as grabbing and certain attacks are not usually allowed, it is not really completely free in the sense of "anything goes." There are many variations of jiyuu-kumite, ranging from two people chasing each other back and forth across the dojo floor, to one person being attacked by a group of mock adversaries. Techniques can be limited (e.g., only kicks). Speed can be altered. Time or space could be restricted. A specific timing may be trained. Various levels of contact could be used. Beginners are usually not allowed to practice free sparring, unless it is done very slowly and under the watchful eye of the instructor.
Non-sparring kumite
There are various other types of kumite drills. For example, in sets of two, one person can initiate a movement to one side or the other, or front or back. The other person must then follow, as a mirror-image. For more advanced practice, add arm/leg techniques and speed up. There is no contact in this example, yet it is still, officially, kumite. Other examples of kumite could involve timing drills, distance drills or practice of kata application, for example.
Additional points to ponder
I noted at several places above that proper form should usually be the primary focus during sparring. There are, however, other points to consider. Speed, power and timing are obviously important, the relativity of each dependent on the focus of the class at the time and what the individual practitioners are attempting to accomplish. Other points are often much more subtle and may actually be more of a primary focus at a higher level of training. For example, a more advanced practitioner may be ready for anything during the entire time while practicing kihon-ippon kumite. Psychological and awareness training may be considered after having reached a high competence level in terms of physical form.
In closing
When practicing kumite, try to keep in mind what the aim of the practice is. It is not always just to "try to get the other guy." Kumite is yet another learning tool. Furthermore, I would recommend that, just as with kata and kihon, once "advanced" sparring methods are studied, the practice of more basic sparring should not be discarded. Rather, these new methods should be added, as opposed to substituted. I would go so far as to say "a Karate practitioner who says he has nothing to gain from practicing basic sparring (or basic kata) does not understand basic sparring (or basic kata)."
Copyright © 2000, Jon Keeling
Target Penetration
Jul, 1999 | Category: Permalink
To what depth should an attack be
aimed? This is a subject introduced early in the training process.
But it seems that many people misunderstand this goal in a way that
makes the situation even more unrealistic than it already is.
During kumite, practitioners often imagine that if they had extended their attacks just a few more inches, they could have done serious damage. This is usually thought of as "good control." Good control definitely has its place during training and I am not suggesting that we practice without control. But at what point during the attack is this theory of control (stopping before touching the target) considered? It seems to me that it is almost exclusively at the very end of the technique; that the goal is to attack very close to the target such that the punch/kick/strike reaches a point just in front of the target as the opponent stops moving back.
A common misconception in basic training, which often carries over into "advanced" kumite, is that the goal is to attack where the target/opponent is moving to. Is it not more practical, however, to think about where that target is at the present time, rather than where it might go once it starts moving?
Of course there may be a higher potential for accidental contact using this method of distancing, at least at the beginner level. This may actually require more control than the traditional method. Thus, perhaps beginners should not concentrate heavily on this point until they become comfortable with the traditional timing.
Aiming the attack through (not simply at) where the target is when the attack is initiated is not only more practical; it also tends to force the attacker to move faster, as the target soon moves away. Aiming at where the target is moving to is not nearly as difficult, even if the defender shifts in a different direction.
Another related point, to be discussed in more detail in a future article, is that training in this way may cause the attacker to develop a different timing such that contact is made before the attacking limb reaches full extension. Although some "traditional" instructors may not advocate this timing, it is actually much more realistic. If contact were actually intended in a self-defense encounter, this sort of timing would provide a greater chance of connecting with the target. Simply touching the target with the attacking appendage would not do so much damage. For some related reading, please see my Oct '99 article.
If you are a beginner, you may want to just keep this theory on timing in the back of your mind, for future reference. For more advanced practitioners, I would suggest considering experimenting with this timing on a regular basis, at least with fellow advanced practitioners.
(This article will be much more clearly understood after I get a proper link from my video camera into my computer later this year, so I can add some helpful video clips for demonstrations.)
Copyright © 1999, Jon Keeling
During kumite, practitioners often imagine that if they had extended their attacks just a few more inches, they could have done serious damage. This is usually thought of as "good control." Good control definitely has its place during training and I am not suggesting that we practice without control. But at what point during the attack is this theory of control (stopping before touching the target) considered? It seems to me that it is almost exclusively at the very end of the technique; that the goal is to attack very close to the target such that the punch/kick/strike reaches a point just in front of the target as the opponent stops moving back.
A common misconception in basic training, which often carries over into "advanced" kumite, is that the goal is to attack where the target/opponent is moving to. Is it not more practical, however, to think about where that target is at the present time, rather than where it might go once it starts moving?
Of course there may be a higher potential for accidental contact using this method of distancing, at least at the beginner level. This may actually require more control than the traditional method. Thus, perhaps beginners should not concentrate heavily on this point until they become comfortable with the traditional timing.
Aiming the attack through (not simply at) where the target is when the attack is initiated is not only more practical; it also tends to force the attacker to move faster, as the target soon moves away. Aiming at where the target is moving to is not nearly as difficult, even if the defender shifts in a different direction.
Another related point, to be discussed in more detail in a future article, is that training in this way may cause the attacker to develop a different timing such that contact is made before the attacking limb reaches full extension. Although some "traditional" instructors may not advocate this timing, it is actually much more realistic. If contact were actually intended in a self-defense encounter, this sort of timing would provide a greater chance of connecting with the target. Simply touching the target with the attacking appendage would not do so much damage. For some related reading, please see my Oct '99 article.
If you are a beginner, you may want to just keep this theory on timing in the back of your mind, for future reference. For more advanced practitioners, I would suggest considering experimenting with this timing on a regular basis, at least with fellow advanced practitioners.
(This article will be much more clearly understood after I get a proper link from my video camera into my computer later this year, so I can add some helpful video clips for demonstrations.)
Copyright © 1999, Jon Keeling
Reaction Training
May, 1999 | Category: Permalink
Having quick reaction time is a
valuable trait. Surely, reduction of reaction time must be one of
the most important goals of Karate practitioners, whether
practicing for tournaments or self-defense. Even though most of us
probably realize its importance and occasionally think about
improving our reactions, how much attention are we really giving
this type of training?
There are many types of reaction training. Here, I would like to break the major ones down by stimulus type:
• Auditory (reaction to sound)
• Visual (reaction to movement that is seen)
• Physical (reaction to touch)
In most traditional Karate dojo, the opportunity to practice auditory stimulus reaction training exists many times during almost every class. Whenever there is a count [1, 2, 3…] each count represents another chance for training. To simply listen to the count to remind yourself how many more repetitions remain is a way of limiting your training. Instead, imagine that each count represents an opportunity to react to your imaginary opponent. Start the movement as soon as you can after the number is heard. When you are attacking, imagine that the count represents a gap in the imaginary opponent's guard or awareness. When defending, imagine that the opponent is coming in very quickly as the count is heard.
For visual training, we also have many opportunities in most Karate classes. Every time we practice with a partner, we have the chance to train our reaction to visual stimulus. But how many of us simply follow the count mindlessly, as with individual repetition, or jump the count altogether? By waiting for the attacker to initiate the movement, the defense side has not only a chance to practice moving quickly, but also to practice reducing reaction time based on visual stimulus. You can watch for any visual indication at all that your partner is about to move or you can wait until you are sure of what particular attack is coming, depending on your particular level.
Reaction to touch is not practiced so often in most Karate dojo. In some other martial arts, such as Aikido and Judo, this type of reaction is practiced much more often. This is simply a factor of how long we remain in contact with our partners during techniques. Karate techniques usually involve separation from the partner as soon as possible after contact is made. Grappling arts involve longer periods of contact.
Here is one example of how we might practice reaction to physical stimulus in a Karate class:
In pairs, one person stands behind the other.
The person in front assumes a stance.
The person behind touches the front partner on the arm or back.
The front person then attacks forward as soon as possible.
For more advanced practice, the front person could attack with the limb that was touched.
Obviously, it is best to be prepared to react to any of the various types of stimuli that may occur in an encounter. By practicing all of them, we should become better prepared for various situations, not simply relying on the one that usually works in typical classes at one or more particular dojo, with a limited number of training partners.
If you would like to test your reaction to visual stimulus now, see below. Good luck!
Test your Response time!
Copyright © 1999, Jon Keeling
There are many types of reaction training. Here, I would like to break the major ones down by stimulus type:
• Auditory (reaction to sound)
• Visual (reaction to movement that is seen)
• Physical (reaction to touch)
In most traditional Karate dojo, the opportunity to practice auditory stimulus reaction training exists many times during almost every class. Whenever there is a count [1, 2, 3…] each count represents another chance for training. To simply listen to the count to remind yourself how many more repetitions remain is a way of limiting your training. Instead, imagine that each count represents an opportunity to react to your imaginary opponent. Start the movement as soon as you can after the number is heard. When you are attacking, imagine that the count represents a gap in the imaginary opponent's guard or awareness. When defending, imagine that the opponent is coming in very quickly as the count is heard.
For visual training, we also have many opportunities in most Karate classes. Every time we practice with a partner, we have the chance to train our reaction to visual stimulus. But how many of us simply follow the count mindlessly, as with individual repetition, or jump the count altogether? By waiting for the attacker to initiate the movement, the defense side has not only a chance to practice moving quickly, but also to practice reducing reaction time based on visual stimulus. You can watch for any visual indication at all that your partner is about to move or you can wait until you are sure of what particular attack is coming, depending on your particular level.
Reaction to touch is not practiced so often in most Karate dojo. In some other martial arts, such as Aikido and Judo, this type of reaction is practiced much more often. This is simply a factor of how long we remain in contact with our partners during techniques. Karate techniques usually involve separation from the partner as soon as possible after contact is made. Grappling arts involve longer periods of contact.
Here is one example of how we might practice reaction to physical stimulus in a Karate class:
In pairs, one person stands behind the other.
The person in front assumes a stance.
The person behind touches the front partner on the arm or back.
The front person then attacks forward as soon as possible.
For more advanced practice, the front person could attack with the limb that was touched.
Obviously, it is best to be prepared to react to any of the various types of stimuli that may occur in an encounter. By practicing all of them, we should become better prepared for various situations, not simply relying on the one that usually works in typical classes at one or more particular dojo, with a limited number of training partners.
If you would like to test your reaction to visual stimulus now, see below. Good luck!
Test your Response time!
(Netscape browsers only)
Click on "Start" first, and wait until the background color changes. As soon as it changes, hit "stop!"
Copyright © 1999, Jon Keeling